2 oxford studies on the roman economy URBAN CRAFTSMEN AND TRADERS IN THE ROMAN WORLD edited by Andrew Wilson & Miko Flohr OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/12/2015, SPi OXFORD STUDIES ON THE ROMAN ECONOMY General Editors ALAN BOWMAN ANDREW WILSON OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/12/2015, SPi O X F O R D S T U D I E S O N T H E R OM A N EC O N O M Y This innovative monograph series reflects a vigorous revival of interest in the ancient economy, focusing on the Mediterranean world under Roman rule (c.100 BC to AD 350). Carefully quantified archaeological and documentary data are integrated to help ancient historians, economic historians, and archaeologists think about economic behaviour collectively rather than from separate perspectives. The volumes include a substantial comparative element and thus will be of interest to historians of other periods and places. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/12/2015, SPi Urban Craftsmen and Traders in the Roman World Edited by ANDREW WILSON and MIKO FLOHR 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/12/2015, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2016 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2016 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2015949655 ISBN 978–0–19–874848–9 Printed Great Britain by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/12/2015, SPi Preface The chapters in this volume have their origin in a workshop organized by the Oxford Roman Economy Project and held at Wolfson College, Oxford, United Kingdom, 21–23 July 2011. The workshop, entitled Beyond Marginality: Craftsmen, Traders and the Socio-Economic History of Roman Urban Communities, was funded by the European Science Foundation as an ESF exploratory workshop, and brought together researchers from nine different countries with the aim of exploring the topic of Roman urban crafts and trades and to build bridges between different national scholarly traditions and disciplines (ancient history, archaeology, epigraphy, papyrology). Like the workshop from which it originates, this volume focuses on four key themes: the history of research, economic strategies of craftsmen and traders, the position of crafts and trade in urban space, and craftsmen and traders in their social environment. We thank the ESF for the exploratory workshop grant that made the workshop possible, all the speakers who took part and subsequently contributed papers, and also Prof. Kristin Kuutma (Helsinki), who acted as the ESF observer and rapporteur. We are grateful to the staff of Wolfson College for their practical assistance during the workshop, and also to All Souls College for the provision of accommodation for some speakers. As ever, we are extremely grateful to Baron Lorne Thyssen for his continued support of the Oxford Roman Economy Project. Andrew Wilson Miko Flohr August 2015 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/12/2015, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/12/2015, SPi Contents ix xiii xiv xv List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations List of Contributors Introduction Miko Flohr and Andrew Wilson 1 I APPROACHES 1. Roman Craftsmen and Traders: Towards an Intellectual History Miko Flohr and Andrew Wilson 2. Twentieth-Century Italian Scholarship on Roman Craftsmen, Traders, and their Professional Organizations Carla Salvaterra and Alessandro Cristofori 23 55 3. The Archaeology of Roman Urban Workshops: A French Approach? 77 Jean-Pierre Brun II STRATEGIES 4. Mercantile Specialization and Trading Communities: Economic Strategies in Roman Maritime Trade Candace Rice 97 5. Driving Forces for Specialization: Market, Location Factors, Productivity Improvements Kai Ruffing 115 6. Fashionable Footwear: Craftsmen and Consumers in the North-West Provinces of the Roman Empire Carol van Driel-Murray 132 7. Contextualizing the Operational Sequence: Pompeian Bakeries as a Case Study Nicolas Monteix 153 III PEOPLE 8. Disciplina, patrocinium, nomen: The Benefits of Apprenticeship in the Roman World Christel Freu 183 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 18/12/2015, SPi viii Contents 9. Women, Trade, and Production in Urban Centres of Roman Italy Lena Larsson Lovén 10. Freedmen and Agency in Roman Business Wim Broekaert 200 222 11. The Social Organization of Commerce and Crafts in Ancient Arles: Heterogeneity, Hierarchy, and Patronage Nicolas Tran 254 12. Hierapolis and its Professional Associations: A Comparative Analysis Ilias Arnaoutoglou 278 IV SPACE 13. Working Together: Clusters of Artisans in the Roman City Penelope Goodman 301 14. Spatial Concentration and Dispersal of Roman Textile Crafts Kerstin Droß-Krüpe 334 15. Industry and Commerce in the City of Aquincum Orsolya Láng 352 16. The Potters of Ancient Sagalassos Revisited Jeroen Poblome 377 Index 405